The Shawshank Redemption Essay Example for Free

The Shawshank Redemption Essay The Shawshank Redemption You have just been given a life sentence imprisonment to be served out in Shawshank Prison. Your world as you know it will be turned upside down. Inside these brick walls everything will be different. Or will it? You are no longer part of society as a whole, but you are now part of a smaller society, the Shawshank prison. Like the large society you just left the prison has the same five social institutions that every society has, just in different forms. You will see a government enforcing the harsh rules of the prison, develop new relationships with fellow inmates who will become your family and educate yourself both academically and spiritually. From the moment an inmate arrives at Shawshank Prison it becomes obvious who makes the rules and who enforces them. Warden Norton’s speech to the prisoners when they first arrive makes this clear as his exclaims, â€Å"your ass belongs to me†. The fatal beating of â€Å"fatass† by the guard Hadley reiterates the fact that the prisoners have no voice inside the prison walls. Step a foot out of line or say something the Warden does not like and it’s off to solitary confinement. When Andy calls the Warden â€Å"obtuse†, because he would not help him prove his innocence Andy is locked in solitary confinement for two months. The Warden will even abuse his power and purposely execute an inmate he feels could get in his way. Tommy Williams is wrongly executed when he tells the Warden he will gladly testify to help prove Andy’s innocence. Of course the shooting is posed to look like â€Å"a tragic accident†. The government, or basically whatever Warden Norton says, is harsh and corrupt and there is little to nothing the inmates can do to help themselves. Although Shawshank prisoners leave their blood families behind they soon acquire a new one, their fellow inmates. Although not a traditional family the inmates actions towards each other are no different then those of two brothers. Family members are willing to take risks and make sacrifices for each other. When Andy is sitting in the Warden’s office and begins playing the record with the two singing Italian woman he is taking a risk so he can give his fellow inmates a much needed lift of spirits, if only for a few moments. Red and Andy are especially close, so when Andy uses his connections to get Red a harmonica to spark hope inside of him, it is because Andy is concerned for Red’s well being and state of mind, the same way a brother would care. Family members also have unconditional love for one another. No matter what crazy, idiotic things family members do for the most part they can forgive one another and move on. When Brooks goes crazy and whips a knife out on Heywood everyone is able to look past his momentary lapse of judgment and forgive Brooks. Although slightly shaken up even Heywood does not stay angry for too long. As family members the inmates can forgive each other for their mistakes. Although Shawshank prisoners are not receiving a formal education they are still educating themselves academically and spiritually. With the money that Andy receives from Congress he sets up a library to help his fellow inmates grow intellectually. He even goes a step further to help Tommy Williams and several others study to get their GEDs. However most of the education a prisoner receives at Shawshank is not the kind you learn in a classroom, but the kind that makes you look at life differently. Andy helps teach Red that hope does not â€Å"make a man go insane† but that it â€Å"can set you free†. When Red sits before the parole board after serving forty years of his life sentence the speech he makes differs greatly from his two previous speeches. This one shows a great amount of personal growth and understanding. Even if he stays locked up in Shawshank for another forty years he has found the hope inside of him that has already set him free. What he has learned in his time at Shawshank is something that cannot be taught, it is learned from experience Your new life at Shawshank will be filled with much pain, frustration and injustice just like it was when you were out of prison. But you will still have people there to support and care for you just like you did when you were out of prison. You will still have ways to empower you mind and grow as a human being just like you did when you were out of prison. Life at Shawshank will take time to adjust to but as long as you keep hope inside you will always be free just like when you were out of prison.

Free College Essays - Envy in A Separate Peace :: A Separate Peace Essays

Envy in A Separate Peace  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"People are often vain of their most criminal passions; but envy is one passion so mean and low that nobody will admit it† Francois de la Rochefoucauld(1613-1680), a French philosopher, once stated and that statement summarizes the undertone of A Separate Piece by John Knowles.   The story is set at a highly competitive boy’s school on the East Coast that sets the perfect stage to develop the storyline.   Gene’s insecurity, which led to jealousy of Finny, is the cause of the overall conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In chapter 1 Finny leaps from the tree for the first time, and then Gene follows.   When Gene jumps after Finny he does it not because of being â€Å"shamed into it† (906) as Finny says but out of envy to be more like Finny.   Gene gets an odd feeling of gratification that seems to settle his insecurity when he is imitating Finny.   On the walk home from the tree Gene boasts â€Å" I then became his (Finny) collaborator† as they were both missing evening meal.   This shows that his subconscious jealousy had succeeded in being like Finny. Gene felt that the more he could associate with Finny the more he would be considered like Finny.   Even Gene may not have realized his underlying jealousy but it was there from the beginning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Gene nears completion of his transformation into Finny in chapter 4. â€Å"I jounced the limb† (923) says Gene, and Finny falls through the branches snapping the limbs with his momentum until the fall ended with an unnatural thud. This action initiates the final phase of Gene’s plan he can not completely be Finny until the space is open and until then it was filled.   At this point Gene begins to realize what has been happening.   At the funeral Gene said that he did not cry then or ever.   Gene did not cry because he knew that when Finny was buried that was all that was buried Finny, a body.

Annual Per Capita Healthcare Costs By Age Essay

The United States has way higher healthcare costs than any other country in the OECD, mostly which is because of the extremely high expenses later in life. 17 cents of every US dollar is being spent on health care. At about age 60, healthcare expenses for US citizens skyrocket, averaging between $40,000 to $45,000 a year per person, which is way above Germany, who has the next highest with only about $10,000. Dr. Ficshbeck, an engineering professor who runs a website called deathriskrankings.com, says the high costs are not completely without some reward. He said when it comes to deaths caused by disease, men from the US have a survival advantage over men from western Europe starting around age 65 that steadily increases over time. American women have this same advantage starting around age 80. This means if Americans died from diseases at the same rate as people from the Netherlands, for example, there would be about 60,000 more male deaths and 14,000 more female deaths in the US, all after the age of 70. France is among the few exceptions because they have a lower death rate from disease, but for the most part, the United States has a lower rate of diseased-caused deaths than Western Europe. Dr. Ficshbeck’s research also shows evidence that Americans have a higher death rate during young adulthood and middle age mainly due to health. Obesity rates, which are one of the leading causes of type 2 diabetes, are 3 times higher in America than France, and more than twice as high as in Germany. This study could mean that American healthcare is not totally at fault for not producing better results, but the American people themselves should be to blame for not making better health choices earlier in there lives. Ficshbeck believes that the edge the United States is getting in the latter years are due to our superior screening and treatment of diseases, the most prominent one being cancer. Americans have an average 5 year survival rate for breast cancer. This is higher than any other country in the OECD. Although Americans have a small advantage when it comes to death rates caused by disease for people over the age of 70, it isn’t a big enough advantage to prove that all of the money we spend on older American’s healthcare is providing that much of a survival advantage. A Boston University economist by the name of Dr. Lawrence Kotlikoff believes that the problem with our healthcare overspending problem stems from Medicare. He says the system has no cost control, and that pretty much any services that hospitals or doctors provide, Medicare will pay for. He has a very interesting idea for an alternative system that will provide incentive for practicing healthy habits (which the lack of proves to be one of main reasons for our not-so-superior life expectancy rates) and also lower US healthcare spending. He advocates issuing everybody vouchers through health insurance companies that would vary in value depending on the receiver’s health status, kind of like how car i nsurance companies are run. This sounds like a great alternative in that it would give people a good reason to be healthy which, in turn, would lead to less money being spent on expensive tests and procedures.   Robert Martensen, director of the office history at the National Institutes of Health is skeptical of how much of the United States’ health care spending is actually going towards increasing lifespan. He says that 40 to 50 percent of Medicare is being spent on intensive care which may not necessarily increase their chances of survival. European countries spend a lot less after the age of 65 mainly due to the fact that they have a lot more general practitioners, fewer specialists, and more centralized control over the number of hospital beds. Another researcher, named Dr. Jonathan Skinner, believes that although the US may be spending too much on older people’s health care, Europeans may also be doing too little. Having a specialist for every organ in the body of a patient with a chronic illness is a big part of the reason Americans are overspending. A payment technique called â€Å"bundling† could be a solution to this problem. It suggests that doctors and hospitals be paid a set amount for each patient diagnosis, such as diabetes or heart failure, and then have the ability to be rewarded with additional payments for meeting certain standards for quality care. This will give the doctors more control on what they should be spending their money on, so if they deem it unnecessary, they won’t have to â€Å"waste† money on specialized care for a patient. The problem with bundling and the reason many physicians are against the idea, is that a doctor can’t always know ahead of time if they shouldn’t spend money on a patient. Although the US is spending way too much on Medicare, that’s not a decision any doctor wants to be in control of.

Major Changes in Society During the Progressive Era - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 581 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Progressive Era Essay Did you like this example? During the Progressive Era, social justice became a mission to many citizens and government officials, both in the Republican and Democratic parties. At a time when there was little regulation by the government, the Progressives fought to tighten regulations through the enacting of laws and forming of bureaus to oversee that these laws were being followed. Major changes that took place as a result of their efforts included regulations that affected laborers, children, and the food produced, processed, marketed, and consumed by Americans. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Major Changes in Society During the Progressive Era" essay for you Create order During the late 1800s and early 1900s, employers were not held responsible for injuries sustained on the job by their employees. Laborers worked at their own risk and had no voice because if they did speak up to draw attention to dangers in the workplace, they risked being fired. It was a risk that most laborers could not take. During the late 1800s and early 1900s, efforts were made to enact laws to protect workers. Little by little, states came on board. By the year 1916, the Kern-McGillicuddy Workmens Compensation Act of 1916 was passed. The burden of proof was usually required of the employee and courts were hesitant to rule against employers, but without this change, Workers Compensation may have never been born. Another major change during the Progressive Era was the enacting of child labor laws. Before the Childrens Bureau, children of all ages could be found laboring long hours and in awful conditions. They were no safer than adults who labored in factories and many were critically injured or killed on the job. The Childrens Bureau was formed out of the Progressive Adams 2 movement to regulate child labor and to place restrictions on employers that would protect the children. Although child labor was the focus at the time, the Childrens Bureau is still part of our nation today and falls under the Administration of Children and Families. Before the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, there was no agency to oversee or regulate how food was processed or packaged in the United States. Food processing facilities could be full of rats and filth and cross contamination was highly probable. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was enacted to put a stop to these practices and to ensure that the food being sold to the citizens was healthy and safe for consumption. Out of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, the Food and Drug Administration was formed, which is another department of our government which is still alive and well today. Some of the most prominent and well-known Progressives of the Progressive Era were Theodore Roosevelt who pushed through tough legislation for the Interstate Commerce Act, brought back the Sherman Antitrust Act, and championed conservation laws to preserve our nations natural resources; Woodrow Wilson who brought into play the Federal Reserve and Income Tax; William Howard Taft who expanded the Interstate Commerce Commissions jurisdiction and went onto establish anti-trust legislation and helped to pass the Workmens Compensation Act; and Jane Addams who established the Hull-House in Chicago which was a settlement house for immigrants. Between the women fighting for womens suffrage, child education, health, and labor laws to the men who fought for regulation of shipping rates and workplace protections, great feats were achieved by many people during the Progressive Era. While not all of the changes may have been quickly recognized at the time, to look back on history, it is evident th at their efforts were not in vain and that their triumphs were great.

Article Review How to Profit from Lean Advertising by...

Review of How to Profit from Lean Advertising: How to Profit from Lean Advertising is an article written by Thales Teixeira to examine and explain the concept of lean advertising and how philosophies of this concept are enabling small marketing budgets to obtain value of big brands. Generally, lean procedures, philosophies, and methodologies are slowly becoming common aspects of advertising for both small and large companies. The emergence of leaning advertising as an important part of modern marketing is influenced by the ongoing spread of lean thinking. Actually, lean advertising is not only a procedure or methodology but also a philosophy that has transformed contemporary advertising methods. As a result of its widespread growth, small, medium, and large companies are faced with the need to adopt lean advertising. In his article, Teixeira begins by examining how the footwear industry has conventionally been characterized with memorable advertising to an extent that major brands have spent millions of dollars in creating spectacular TV advertisements. Some of the major brands mentioned in the article are Reebok and Nike that have spent huge amounts of money in hiring advertising agencies and signing athlete-endorsers. He proceeds to examine how most of the big brands are using online mechanisms in advertising their products through shooting videos and sharing them on YouTube. After the brief introduction of how big brands are using conventional advertising methods

Life Without Parole For Juveniles - 2068 Words

Life Without Parole for Juveniles On December 17, 1992, 15 year-old Jacob Ind went to school after having murdered his mother and stepfather in the early hours of that morning. In an interview with Frontline he recalled, â€Å"I remember I was sitting in the police station and this is how out of touch of reality I was. I had a small amount of marijuana, like an eighth of an ounce, in my bedroom. And I m telling my brother, You got to get the marijuana or else I m in trouble† (Profile Jacob Ind). His attorneys contended that he was acting in self-defense, claiming that the murders were the climax of years of insult by his parents. On June 17, 1994, he was convicted and handed a mandatory sentence of lifetime without parole. This is just one of many life experiences of juveniles sentenced to life without parole in the U.S. There have been many other instances where the juvenile was not the real murderer, but was however given the lifetime without parole sentence. In those insta nces the defendant would have been convicted of felony murder, in which the defendant could have just been an active participant in a crime during which a murder was committed and consequently, spend life in jail without parole. Felony murder came into play in the case of Devon and Jovon Knox, in July 2007, the 17-year-old twins set out to steal a car together (Sentencing Juveniles). During the car jack, one of the brothers shot and killed the car’s owner. The panel could not decide which brother pulledShow MoreRelatedEssay on Life Without Parole for Juveniles956 Words   |  4 PagesFlorida (2010) banned the use of life without parole for juveniles who committed non-homicide crimes, and Roper v. Simmons (2005) abolished the use of the death penalty for juvenile offenders. They both argued that these sentences violated the 8th Amendment, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. While these landmark cases made great strides for the rights of minors passing through the cr iminal justice system, they are just the first steps in creating a juvenile justice system that takes intoRead MoreA Research Study On Juvenile Life Without Parole1048 Words   |  5 Pageson a National Institute of Justice study as a Doctoral Research Assistant. Her focus is corrections, juvenile justice, and legal analyses in criminal justice (S.H.S University). In her article, â€Å"Juvenile Life Without Parole,† Spooner addresses the punishment of Juvenile life without parole and questions its constitutionality. She begins with raw numbers, including which states have the most juvenile serving LWOP. Further discussed are the facts that 98% of JLWOP inmates are male, and that black youthRead MoreEssay about Juvenile Life Without Parole, Cruel or Just Unusual?3438 Words   |  14 PagesJuveniles Sentenced to Life without Parole Cruel or Just Unusual? [pic] Juvenile Sentencing: Life without Parole, Cruel or Just Unusual? When the Judge announced the verdict â€Å"Guilty† there was a slight murmur in the court room as was expected. Then the Judge began to announce the sentence â€Å"Life in prison without the possibility of parole†, the words cutting through the air like an arrow through a paper target. The courtroom was an arena of mixed feelings, half cheering in a celebratoryRead MoreMiller V. Alabama1421 Words   |  6 PagesCourt weighed in on the constitutionality of life without parole for juvenile offenders. The case was Miller v. Alabama and actually included another case, Jackson v Hobbs, as well (2012). Both were criminal cases involving 14 year old boys who were convicted of murder and sentenced to a mandatory sentence of life without parole (2012). In 2009, juvenile courts in the United States handled an estimated 1.5 million delinquency cases that involved juveniles charged with criminal law violations (KnollRead MoreMiller vs Alabama1270 Words   |  6 Pagesof mandator y life sentences without parole enforced upon persons aged fourteen and younger found guilty of homicide. The court declared unconstitutional a compulsory sentence of life without parole for children. The states have been barred from routinely imposing sentences based on the crime committed. There is a requirement for individual consideration of the child life circumstance or the defendant status as a child. The court rejected the definite ban on life sentences without parole. This is becauseRead MoreJuvenile Justice : Juvenile Crime1035 Words   |  5 PagesStephani Portillo Honors English 10b Branson,6 May 19,2017 Juvenile Justice As juvenile crime increases over the years due to gang activity, bullying, etc. many offenders are given a life sentence without parole. There isn t a clear boundary that marks at what age should they be treated as adults because the severity of their action always effects that. Should a 6-year-old be convicted with life in prison or should they let them go? Is a 16-year-old enough to be charged with murder like an adultRead MoreThe Death Penalty For Juveniles1169 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper: Death Penalty for Juveniles Capital punishment for juveniles is one of the most controversial topics to ever be explored in society and in the criminal justice system. The death penalty is a rare occurrence amongst juveniles since it is so arguable as to whether they should be tried as adults. Lynn Cothern from the Juvenile Justice Resource Center suggests that â€Å"the primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to hold juvenile offenders accountable for delinquent acts whileRead MoreContriction Of The Documentary : Second Chance Kids Reflection754 Words   |  4 Pagesamount of juveniles sentenced to life in prison without parole. The statistics throughout the documentary were shocking. For example, across the country, there are more than two thousand people convicted of murder as juveniles and sentenced to mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole (Dornstein, 2017). My Thoughts Anthony Rolon was one out of roughly three dozen teens in Massachusetts to be convicted of murder and sentenced to mandatory life in prison without parole during theRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Receive Life Sentences1199 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract All juveniles should not receive life sentences for felony crimes committed one time. Every year in the US, children as young as 13 years of age are sentenced to spend the rest of their years of life in prison; sometimes, without the option of parole. Juvenile life without parole may also be known as â€Å"JLWOP.† Even though there’s a consensus saying that a child cannot be tried or held at the same standards as an adult and recognize that children are empowered to a higher level of treatmentRead MoreWhy Students Should Be Taught At A Prison Room Essay1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthose that participate in the program. The outside students experienced this a few weeks ago when the prison went on lockdown. A couple of the inside students were not able to attend class due to the lockdown. The dynamic of the class was different without those students. On September 20th, I missed class with the inside students. I was surprised when I returned, how many inside students said t hey missed me in class. It was refreshing to see that they care if we attend class. This class has really

Effect of Music on Grades of Students free essay sample

All Reran Quarrels, Farman Saved. Susan Tale butt, Malta Cram, Hind Jabber, Sabina Wadded, Ham Mansion Abstract The purpose of our study is to investigate the effects of music on students grades in Mathematics, Statistics and Accounting. And also investigate student wants to take lecture and give exam with music. Music has been found to have profound effect on the brain. Psychologists and scientists have been looking at the link between music, with mood, work efficiency and concentration for years.In our experiment, we hope o find a correlation or regression between music and its effect on studies and grades. 400 students were selected randomly from the deferent universities. As everybody in his life ever tried to use music during his studies so we wanted to know its effects. We used a questionnaire for that task. Different socio cultural peoples were used but main three parts was comprised into our questionnaire. Firstly we tried to know that how much students had ever taken lecture or given exam with music. Our first part was introduction In which we got to know that how much students know about music and its type and which type of music they prefer to sites. Second part objective is back born of our questionnaire because it contains the question of is students like to listen music during lecture, homework or In exams and In which subject they prefer to listen music. Does the music effect their studies and if yes then the effect is positive or negative in their opinion. Third part contains the questions of Suggestion in which they recommend that music should be used in lecture and exams or not.They told us that music can increase their performance In math or not and relationship between music and math. We get their opinion on that hey are satisfied with grades of those subjects in which they used music. At the end they told us their grades which helped us to reach at a conclusion. Introduction and Literature Review Introduction Mathematics and music have a strange connection. Music is the only art form, where the form and the medium are the same. Mathematics Is the study of mathematics using mathematics. Music is only created and experienced as music.Thus, there is a natural connection between mathematics and music. Both are experienced as pure objects of the brain, and both have meaning outside of the brain only by artificial inspections. Music Is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. This study Is conducted to know about the music and Its effect on grade of student. The main reason of selecting this topic as our research was lecture of Human Resource Management, in which background music and songs was played during our quizzes, lecture and our final exam.So we want to know that is there some relation between music/songs and study. We also wanted to know that what is the opinion of students of others university and had they ever taken lecture ND given exam with music and what do they think about that music effects their music/song during exam and lecture done in other universities or not. Music is said to affect the intellect of humans in several different ways. Specifically, it is said to affect infants more than any other age group. Music can improve learning skills, test taking skills, concentration, heartbeat, and relaxation.Music has been proven to offer several benefits for infants, young children, young adults, as well as for adults. Not only does music affect intellect, but it also benefits health. This reasoning is due to a reason heartbeat. A slower heartbeat indicates relaxation. Students usually study in quiet, relaxed surroundings while listening to serene music. Classical music can steady a fast heartbeat. For example, a students heartbeat may increase due to test anxiety. An adagio-tempo song might slow the heartbeat and help the student loosen up and relax.Exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining good health, and music can be beneficial to this. Music reduces muscle tension, resulting in a better, more efficient work out. Scientists performed controlled studies using adult males who Newer approximately 25 years old. Scientists took blood samples before and after treadmill running. The experiment found that with the presence of music, heart rate, blood pressure, and lactate secretion in the brain were significantly lower. The results proved that music improves workouts and reduces stress. Music benefits infants, young children, college students, and adults.Experiments relating exposure to music and intelligence are ubiquitous and usually positive. Music is gaining the reputation of having more power than it generally did in the past. Different types of music create different effects depending on the person. Listening to an up beat, fast Eng might give someone energy to work out; listening to a soft, relaxing song might put a person to sleep; and listening to Mozart may enhance spatial reasoning and memory in the brain. Whatever the situation may be, music seems to have a purely benefiting effect. Literature Review Ninth the advent of electronically reproduced music, background music has become increasingly prevalent in our society. The occurrence of such music is so common that an individual may not be aware of music in their immediate environment. Background music can be defined as any music played while the listeners attention IS focused primarily on a task or activity other than listening to the music (Radios Bayle, 1988). The function of background music varies with the individual listener and with the nature of the task or activity in which the listener is involved.Such a task or activity could be studying or other academic preparation. Students of all ages have often claimed that they can study and learn more effectively while listening to music. Indeed, some researchers have explored the possible transfer of cognitive abilities to other curricular areas by theorizing that exposure to music, wrought participation and formal instruction can facilitate unmusical learning Madsen, 1987; Radios Bayle, 1988; Wolfe, 1983). Yet a solid research base for these claims seems to be lacking. While music appears to enhance some individuals learning, it may be distracting to others.The possible effects of exposure to music and music instruction on unmusical learning have received some previous attention benchmarks, 1980; Wolff, 1977) discussed the extra musical effects of music education . The results of these reviews demonstrated mixed results. While some search indicated there may be some measurable effects of music instruction on cognitive skill, due to some inadequacies in the experimental designs such positive conclusions should be viewed with caution. Other researchers have utilized music as reinforce or mnemonic device (Madsen ; Forsyth, 1973; Travel-Holder, 1993).Also, studies have attempted to draw a cause and effect relationship between music study and academic achievement (Friedman, 1959). Greenberg and Fisher 11971) discovered that background music had a statistically significant effect on psychological test scores. However, the direct effects of exposure to musical sounds ring study or academic testing have received comparatively little attention. Henderson, Crews, and Barlow (1945) found that popular music distracted subjects on a paragraph comprehension test, while it had no effect on vocabulary test scores.In a similar study, Labial (1960) found background music had no effect on reading comprehension scores. He also discovered that the subjects preference for listening to music while studying had no significant effect when used as a covariate. Tough and Michaels (1975) found an interaction between gender and frequency of studying to music that affected reading comprehension scores. However, Kelly (1993) did not find this interaction in a later study. Studies that have examined the exposure to musical sounds on math skills have had similar results.Wolf and Whiner (1972) reported a statistically significant difference between music and silent conditions on arithmetic test scores. However, they attributed this difference to habituation as most of the test subjects reported that they listened to hard rock music when they studied. Wolfe (1983) found no difference in math test scores with four levels of music loudness, but did find that the subjects reported that the louder music interfered with their concentration. In her dissertation, Cox (1981) reported that classical music used during relaxation therapy had no statistically significant effect on algebra scores.Miller (1980) found no significant difference in math test scores among groups exposed to three conditions: no sound, white noise background, and background music Noon Cages Fontana Mix). Researchers have reported that the results of this body of literature reveal mixed resu lts (Tough Michaels, 1975; Madsen, 1987). However, finding optimum academic study and testing conditions for variety of students is of interest to educators in all fields. Also, the effects of environmental conditions on learning and performance may reveal keys to the inner Markings of the human thought process.In his dissertation, Hidden (1971) proposed five music reaction profiles or music listening styles. These five styles are: associative, cognitive, physical, involvement, and enjoyment. Hidden hypothesized that people listen to music in a combination of five styles where all styles are present AR some level, but one style is predominant. How a person listens to music may affect the possible transfer of cognitive abilities to other curricular areas. It is the purpose of his study to investigate the effects of popular and classical music listening styles on undergraduate students math test scores. Specifically, this study will seek to determine if any of the five musical styles, as defined by Hidden (1971), will act as a covariate, along with the presence of popular or classical background music, in Adrian North. The Effects of Music on Helping Behavior. Environment and Behavior 36 (2004). 10 Seep 2005 . This was an extremely beneficial study was performed on this topic by Mark Tartan, David Harvests, and Adrian North. These men sought to examine the manipulation of the mind based on music. They played music in a gym and examined the moods through testing their subjects immediately following their workout. They offered the participants the ability to help out a charity, thus examining the affect that the music had on them. They had two different groups which they measured those who listened to annoying music and those who listened were exposed to uplifting music. The results revealed that the uplifting music did in fact manipulate the mind by causing the subjects to be more supportive. Weinberg, Norman . The Mozart Effect: A Small Part of the Big Picture. 7 deed. Sacramento: Regents of the University of California, 2000. One particular article we came across examined the effect of classical musics mathematical rhythms.According to their studies, the format of the mathematical rhythms in Mozart pieces contain various factors which enhance mental clarity. Leslie, Teresa. The Effect of music listening on work performance. Psychology of Music. Volvo. 33, No. 2, 173-191 (2005).. This Journal article found results that indicate that in a work environment, quality of work is lowest with no music and time-on-task was longest with no music as well. It also states the environments with music help mood and increase quality of work when music is present. We hope that our experiment shows these results as well. Plate, H. The Structural Components of Music Perception. A Functional Anatomical Study. Brain. Volvo 120, Issue 2: 229-243. Oxford University Press 1997. This Journal article relates to our experiment in a more medical standpoint. Their experiment explores the relationship between the cerebral structures and music appreciation. It is essential that we look at medical Journal articles so we understand the medical basis to our experiment. Our mind is complex and extraordinary and music plays a profound affect on our brain and the way it works. McCarty, R. The Effects of Different Types of Music on Mood, Tension, and Mental Clarity. Pub Med. 1998 Jan; 4 (1): 75-84. 7 Seep 2005.. This Journal article touched on not only music and its effect on work efficiency, but also musics effect on tension, mood and mental clarity. Because it includes more than Just mental clarity, it gives us more information and research to work with. The study found that designer music (music made to have a specific effect on the listener) increased positive feelings and concentration levels. This Journal article has many similarities to our experiment and coincides with our hypothesis. Florentine, Mary. On the Behavioral Characteristics of Loud-Music Listening. Ear and Hearing: The Official Journal of the American Auditory Society. 19(6):420-428, 1998 Deck. This Journal discusses behavior and its link to listening excessively to loud music. They created a survey and test 90 subjects. Eight of the surveyors showed behaviors that are present in substance abusers. This is relevant to our experiment because we will be using rock and other types of loud music to measure concentration this Journal taps into the musical category. Sweeney, J. C. The Role of Cognitions and Emotions in the Music-approach-avoidance Behavior Relationship. Journal of Services Marketing. Volvo 16, 1: 51-69. March 2002. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. This study dealt with an experiment in a womens fashion different aspect of our experiment. The Journal states that music affects customers perceptions of service quality as well as feelings of arousal in terms of a womens fashion store. After reading different Journals like this one, it is obvious that music affects all aspects of life, not Just mood and concentration. McCarty, Rolling. The Effects of Different Types of Music on Mood, Tension, and Mental Clarity. Heartbeat 76 (2002). 17 Seep 2005 .A third study we found, looked into the connections between music, mood, and mental clarity. They sought to test the different effects that diverse genres of music had on subjects through psychological questioning and profiling. Rhea tested four genres of music from various corners of the music world; Grunge Rock, New Age, Classical, and Designer. The results were conclusive in revealing that grunge rock evoked hostility and greatly reduced mental clarity and motivation. We found this particularly important to our studies as we also plan to test primarily college students who commonly listen to grunge music.Carroll, Robert Todd. Mozart Effect. The Skeptics Dictionary 2005.. This article explores the effect that Mozart music has on the mind. It gives the history of the scientist who examined this issue. They included statistics to prove their case the students do better when they are exposed to Mozart and classical music. This article correlates to our hypothesis that classical music will improve concentration. Http://skeptic. Com/Mozart. HTML ODonnell, Laurence. Music and the Brain. 1999. 17 Seep 2005.. This article emphasizes the power of music on memory and learning, the effects of music.It includes that people who study music have better Gaps and are higher achievers than those who arent in music. It included the fact that Hungary, Japan, and the Netherlands, the top three academic countries in the world, all place a great emphasis on music education and participation in music. http:// NNW. Chronometer. Org. BRB/nil 5/Monte/musical. HTML Irish bar chart shows that mostly students of 15-24 age group dont like background music during their lectures. Green and blue bars show peoples with disagree and strongly disagree respectively. Whereas students from 25-34 age group agree that hey like to listen music during their lecture.